Varieties of English

English has evolved vastly over the last century. This has led to the huge variety of different types of English we have today. I worked together with two guys in my class. We took one type each and wrote a little about said version of English. We picked South African English, Jamaican English and Hong Kong English.

South Africa
South African English is a non-rhotic language with additions from Afrikaans (working class). Non-rothic means that the speaker only pronounces rhotic consonants if they are followed by a vowel. South Africa has been settled by Dutchmen and invaded by Englishmen. Due to this, their language is influenced by both Dutch and English.

South African English is influenced more by English than American due to the invasion by Great Britain in the 1800s. This is clearly shown in the South African English vocabulary. The Dutch has influenced South African English mostly on pronunciation.

South Africa has 11 different languages which are used, so their English are influenced greatly from other languages. Including, English, Indian, Dutch, Afrikaans, Zulu etc. Especially the African languages have had a major impact on the South African English. Here is an example sentence “The old lady has been tuning me grief all avie, coz I bust her tjor going yooees with the okes in Bez Valley"The two main phonological indicators of South African English are the behavior of the vowels in kit and bath. The kit vowel tends to be "split" so that there is a clear allophonic variation between the close, front [ɪ] and a somewhat more central [ɪ̈]. The bath vowel is characteristically open and back in the General and Broad varieties of SAE.

Hong Kong
Hong Kong English is a form of the English language which is quite similar to the British English which is spoken in one of the core English areas. The similarities we find between the two are spelling, pronunciation and vocabularies. These resemblances are all huge, but there need not to be big differences in a language to be called for example a dialect.

However we also find several inequalities as well as likenesses. In Hong Kong they have people they call returnees, a word that might be mixed with refugees. The only difference is that returnees are people from Hong Kong that have been abroad to learn English and then return, which causes the language to be influenced not just by British English, but also by Australian and Canadian English. As well as Australian and Canadian influence the language has some of its vocabulary from India and Malaysia, with words like: chop, shroff, nullah and godown, for example.

Still the biggest difference is probably the accent among the Cantonese people, which are people that are native Honkongers. Many people also pronounce some of the words differently from British, Australian and Canadian English. For example they say: "three" as "free", "shree" or even "fee". They also confuse the endings of words that end with d,g and b and they say t,k and p instead. For example: "bad" as "bat". Also they confuse Tr and Ch which often make "train" sounding like "chain" for example. I believe they confuse many English sounds, because they in their native language they don't have the same sounds at all.

Jamaica

Jamaica is located in the Caribbean. More specifically it is an island located south from Cuba; witch is right underneath the port of Miami, USA. Once known as Santiago, a Spanish possession, it was later to be called Jamaica after British colonies taking over the island. Today it is still remains as a Commonwealth realm with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state.

Jamaican English has a much mixed up vocabulary, as it is influenced by mostly British English, but still uses a lot of American English words in both handwriting and in colloquially of the Jamaican English speaker. The Jamaican English vocabulary will mostly contain British words, like “sleeping policeman” which means “speed bump” as we call it. According to Wikipedia, when asking a Jamaican if he or she can pronounce a word or sentence in Jamaican English, that person would reply that it is more natural to let him speak in Irish English. The reason for this, again according to the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, would be that this form of English comes more natural to the Jamaican rather than pronouncing it in what we would call a Jamaican English accent. As it is hard to explain how the Jamaicans speak English, this link is a small taste of how most Jamaicans talks with their accent. The clip is a interview of the world famous song artist Jean Paul, who is known to both sing and rap in English with his Jamaican accent.

Big thanks to the guys I worked with. If you want to check out their blogs, here's your shot!

Mike

Joachim

Wikipeida bitchezzz!

Megacities and urban population

A megacity is a city with 10 million inhabitants or more. There are currently 21 cities in the world with a population which exceeds 10 million. The biggest is Tokyo with a population of 33.4 million people, followed by NY and Mexico City with 24.1 million and 21.7 million. Since the 1800s, the migration to urban areas have increased drastically. In the year 2000, 47 % of the world’s population lived in cities while there was 2 % in the 1800s.

Today, one sixth of the world’s population lives in cities. Currently, over two thirds of the population in North-America, South-America and Europe live in cities. In Asia and Africa however, the majority of the population is still located in the rural areas. According to statistics the rise will continue. An estimated 52 % of the world’s population will live in cities by 2015. In 2015, it is estimated that 1 181 million will have migrated from rural areas to cities. According to the statistics and numbers available at the given moment, the migrations to urban areas will continue to rise considerably for the forthcoming decades and probably beyond.

The problem with this massive migration is the living quality each person achieves. Cities in the developing countries consist of vast areas of slum. Where millions of people live crammed up in tiny huts, with no clean water etc. However the centralization we are seeing today has several positive consequences, and it is a part of the development the human race is going through.

9/11

9/11 is a date related to sorrow, travesty, disaster and misery. An event which shook the entire world and left everyone petrified. Disbelief was the feeling the entire western world had 9/11/2001, when a terrorist act against the United States of America was committed. Four planes were hijacked and flown against four targets; the twin towers, the pentagon and the White House. However, only two of the planes fulfilled their assignment. The planes flew into the twin towers and annihilated them in under an hour. This led to the death of 2,976 innocent people. This was an attack against the entire western world. On my BIRTHDAY?! OH HEEEELL NOOO! They did NOT just do that!

This was some background information which 99 % of the world’s population is aware of, but I mentioned it nevertheless. Recently, my English class saw a documentary of 9/11. Where two French brothers followed a rookie firefighter through the ranks, everything was shot with a handheld camera. He was employed at a fire station in NYC, where we in the start of the movie follow his duties and responsibilities. Before the planes crashed into the buildings, the firefighters were called out which led them to a street a few blocks away from the towers. Suddenly they hear a low flying plane, which is highly unusual in NY, so the cameraman looks up and films the plane fly into the first tower. Throughout the rest of the movie, we are on the crash site, in the lobby with one of the French guys.
He films the entire experience from the lobby while his brother is back at the station with the rookie.

This movie is an incredibly strong and intense movie, which for many people can be hard to watch. The entire situations, the memories of the day, the association etc can be overwhelming. I personally found the movie strong and it left me with a strong impression. Just the knowledge that this is authentic footage, and all the people who die actually died makes it so much harder to watch. Even though it can be tough to experience this day over again, especially so close, it is still an educational movie which honors the firefighters. The firefighters who walked into the building to save people they didn’t even know and lost their lives.

To reflect and debate how cultural differences and different values can influence communication

One of our curriculum goals is “To reflect and debate how cultural differences and different values can influence communication.” South Africa has a population of approximately 40 million people, ¾ of the population are, in lack of a better expression, black. There are six major ethnic groups in South Africa: Afrikaner, Coloured/Cape Malay, Bantu, English, Chinese and Indian. There are 11 official languages in South Africa. Most South Africans speak English and Afrikaans, which is derived from their Dutch heritage. 11 languages, that is quite a lot for a country. This of course affects the communication between the different ethnic groups even though they have English and Afrikaans as the main languages. In other words, the cultural differences have affected the communication in South Africa.

The Dutch settled in South Africa around the mid 1600s. Since then, their language, culture, values etc. have affected the inhabitants of South Africa which has lead to the development of their language Afrikaans. In addition, around the early 1800s the British Empire invaded South Africa which led to the Boer Wars. The first was won by the Boer republics, even though they were greatly outnumbered. However, they knew the country and fought with a home advantage which led to victory. The second war was won by the British Empire, as they came better prepared and with a larger force. These historical events have shaped the inhabitants of South Africa. It explains why there are so many Caucasian people in South Africa and why the speak English and Afrikaans. South Africans had a language they spoke before the Dutch and British arrived. With the arrival of different languages, the South African language evolves. Basically, it starts with loanwords but eventually the two languages blend together over a period of time.

In addition, the British invaded South Africa. They became the governing organ of South Africa in other words. By forcing English as the business language, using it in education and official documents it became the main language. Also English shaped the communication in South Africa to what it is today. The cultural differences, especially the languages of course have shaped, molded and created the communication in South Africa. All the different nationalities and ethnicities, together.

The Chronicles of Narnia – C. S. Lewis

We saw “The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe before Christmas. It was written by C. S. Lewis who was born in 1898. His whole name was Clive Staples Lewis and he was a British literature historian and an author. He is a famous author known all over the world for his work. In addition he was a teacher at a university in Oxford, a professor in Cambridge and he fought in the 1st World War. The experiences he obtained during the war are present in his writings. In the final battle between good and evil in “The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe” this is shown by the tactics used by the armies. Tactics well used in wars at the time C. S. Lewis lived. His several contributions to the world ended at his death in 1963.

“The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe” is a book written for children, which prohibited the movie to reach its full potential. The plot, four kids find their way to a magical world through a wardrobe. In this world they must defeat the evil witch who has cast an eternal winter upon the lands. This is explained through an ancient prophecy. This movie is long and boring with several sequences and scenes where a pillow is required to actually enjoy the scenes. I’ve seen it twice and that is two times too many. The acting performances are mainly average and there are few moments which are able to catch my attention. After all, scenes where four kids and two beavers walking across a snowy landscape are only exciting for so long. All in all, I find this movie boring, long and without anything which can raise the impression of the movie. Perhaps except Mr. Beaver who were able to make me smile once or twice, however this is not enough to change my views upon this movie.

C.S Lewis was a friend of J.R Tolkien, so I can’t help but to see certain parallels between one another in their lives and writing. They both fought in the 1st World War, the battles in their books are affected by this and they both write about magical worlds. These worlds include ugly and magical creatures, bad versus evil, prophecies, friendship etc. In addition they were both professors at highly respected universities.

A real kick in the balls -.-

We have just entered the month of December. People all over the world are preparing themselves for a well deserved vacation and holidays such as Christmas and Hanukkah. Here in Norway the weather have grown mean and cold. Little did I know, that I was about to feel even colder. A cold shower disguised as a seemingly innocent news article. Which delivered a revelation so devastating it shook the very foundation of the football world. Yes, it is football I am talking about. Furthermore, to fully understand why my reaction to a news article was so intense, you have to understand one simple fact. I love football.

What was the news article about? Russia and Qatar will host the World Cup in 2018 and 2022. This was made official at 5.pm (Norway), when Russia and Qatar received the majority of votes. This left huge football nations out in the cold, among them are England, Holland and Spain. These are countries where football is forged into the very soul of the country. Football IS their culture. You can see it in the streets before a match; they are filled with the team colors, flags attached to buildings and cars and people drinking and singing till dawn even when faced with defeat. This is something Qatar lacks, a country with 1.7 million inhabitants only known for its oil export. Russia has a little more football soul, but a 6 hour flight between stadiums is inconvenient for supporters. The process which chooses the nations to host the World Cup is simple. FIFA Executive Committee consists of 25 elected and appointed members who represent different nations. Each member has one vote and the country with the majority of votes hosts the World Cup for that year.

This is obviously a way for FIFA to increase the interest for football in Asia, by letting two countries with strong economy host the World Cup. The only thing to do is to enjoy the World Cup in 2014 located in Brazil to all it is worth. A chance to experience true love and passion for football before it is replaced with modern stadiums without soul. Stadiums in Qatar, built only for the World Cup without history but with air conditioning.

The Kite Runner - The movie fell short

My class saw about half of the movie “The Kite Runner” last Friday. We have also read the book over the previous weeks and written our own reflections on certain aspects of the story. This led to a comparison assignment and my general opinion about the movie. First of all, the movie was to me a disappointment, many scenes which I enjoyed reading in the book was either shortened or removed completely. I sat with the impression that they had cramped the most important scenes together without creating a natural flow. Therefore I am disappointed so far, but perhaps the movie picks up towards the ending.

I wrote about the friendship between Amir and Hassan which in the book is beautifully described through dialogues, events and tens of pages of descriptions. However in the movie, they’ve failed to show the strength of their friendship to the extent which the book did. This disappointed me even though I expected it since a movie in general lasts between 1 ¾ hours to 3 hours. Therefore it is hard to show the friendship between Hassan and Amir in a satisfying way, while at the same time including the other important parts of the book.